Rice (Oryza sativa) (2n=24)
| Floral biology | Terminal Panicle Anther : 3+3 |
| Anthesis | 8 am to 11 am |
| Pollination | Self Pollinated - Chasmogamy (Opens after pollination) |
| Selfing | Butter paper |
| Crossing | Hand Emasculation, Clipping method, Hot water method, Dr. Ramiah method, Vacuum emasculation method, Cuttack method, Brown paper method, Rhind's method |
Maize (Zea mays L.) (2n=20)
| Floral biology | Tassel (Staminate) and Cob (Pistillate) |
| Anthesis | Pollen shedding 1-3 days before silk emergence |
| Pollination | Cross Pollination (Monoecious - Protandry) |
| Selfing | Cover method, Bottle method |
| Crossing | Detasseling and covering cob |
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) (2n=20)
| Floral biology | Compact/Loose/Spread Panicle |
| Anthesis | Prior to sunrise |
| Pollination | Often cross pollinated (Protogyny) |
| Selfing | Head bagging |
| Crossing | Hand emasculation, Hot water method, Plastic bag/mass emasculation technique |
Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum) (2n=14)
| Floral biology | Cylindrical Spike |
| Anthesis | 10 pm to Midnight |
| Pollination | Cross pollinated (Protogyny) |
| Selfing | Bagging of spikes |
| Crossing | Clipping spike and bagging |
Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana) (2n=4x=36)
| Floral biology | Digitative Spikes (Terminal umbel form) |
| Anthesis | 1 am to 5 am |
| Pollination | Self pollination (Bisexuality) |
| Selfing | Panicle covered with paper cover |
| Crossing | Hand emasculation, Hot water treatment, Approach method or contact method |
Red gram (Cajanus cajan) (2n=22)
| Floral biology | Papilonaceous % ⚤ K(5) C1+2+(2) A(9)+1 G1 |
| Anthesis | |
| Pollination | Often cross pollinated |
| Selfing | Bagging, bee proof cages |
| Crossing | Emasculation (thumb and middle finger) |
Bengal gram (Cicer arietinum) (2n=16)
| Floral biology | Papilonaceous % ⚤ K(5) C1+2+(2) A(9)+1 G1 |
| Anthesis | Open in morning and close in the afternoon |
| Pollination | Self pollination (Position of anthers) |
| Selfing | |
| Crossing | Emasculation (thumb and forefinger) |
Soybean (Glycine max) (2n=40)
| Floral biology | Papilonaceous % ⚤ K(5) C1+2+(2) A(10) G1 (Monoadelphous stamens) |
| Anthesis | Morning |
| Pollination | Self pollination (Position of anthers) |
| Selfing | |
| Crossing |
Green gram (Vigna radiata) (2n=24)
| Floral biology | Papilonaceous % ⚤ K(5) C1+2+(2) A(9)+1 G1 |
| Anthesis | 6 am to 11 am |
| Pollination | Self pollination (Position of anthers) |
| Selfing | |
| Crossing | Emasculation (thumb and forefinger)-using needle |
Black gram (Vigna mungo) (2n=22,24)
| Floral biology | Papilonaceous % ⚤ K(5) C1+2+(2) A(9)+1 G1 |
| Anthesis | |
| Pollination | Self pollination (Position of anthers) |
| Selfing | |
| Crossing | As in greengram |
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) (2n=22,24)
| Floral biology | Papilonaceous % ⚤ K(5) C1+2+(2) A(9)+1 G1 |
| Anthesis | 7 am to 9 am |
| Pollination | Self pollination |
| Selfing | |
| Crossing | Keel petals split open and 10 stamens removed one by one with forceps |
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) (2n=40)
| Floral biology | (Monoadelphous) |
| Anthesis | 5.30 am to 7.30 am |
| Pollination | Self pollination |
| Selfing | |
| Crossing | Hold bud between thumb amd index finger, hold back petals (break open keel) and remove stamens |
Sunflower (Helianthus annus) (2n=34)
| Floral biology | Capitulum or head Ray florets (outer, pistillate), Disc florets (inner, bisexual). Syngenesious stamens |
| Anthesis | 5 am to 8 am |
| Pollination | Cross pollination |
| Selfing | Covered with muslin bags |
| Crossing | Hand emasculation, without emasculation (selected based on hybrid vigor) |
Sesame (Sesamum indicum) (2n=26)
| Floral biology | Campanulate or tubular 4 Stamens, Epipetalous, didynamous |
| Anthesis | 5 am to 7 am |
| Pollination | Often cross pollination |
| Selfing | Tying with thread, Smearing of semi solid clay |
| Crossing | Soda straw method, Hand emasculation |
Castor (Ricinus communis) (2n=20)
| Floral biology | Spike or Candle 3 basic sex forms - Monoecious, Pistillate and Interspersed staminate flower |
| Anthesis | |
| Pollination | Cross pollination (Monoecious) |
| Selfing | Rubbing anther over stigmatic surface, covering |
| Crossing | Male flowers removed and female flowers covered |
Cotton (Gossypium spp.) (2n=2x=26, 2n=4x=52)
| Floral biology | |
| Anthesis | |
| Pollination | Often cross pollination |
| Selfing | Sealing method, Paper cover method |
| Crossing | Scrapping method, Soda straw method, Doak's method, Surat method |
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) (2n=80)
| Floral biology | |
| Anthesis | October - November, 5 am to 6 am |
| Pollination | Cross pollination |
| Selfing | Wooden frame covered with glass (lantern) |
| Crossing | Coimbatore method, Marcotting method, Lantern method, Hawaii method |
Bhendi (Abelmoschus esculentus) (2n=4x=130)
| Floral biology | |
| Anthesis | 7 am to 10.30 am |
| Pollination | Often cross pollination |
| Selfing | |
| Crossing |
Brinjal (Solanum melongena) (2n=24)
| Floral biology | |
| Anthesis | 7.30 am to 12.00 noon |
| Pollination | Often cross pollinated (Heterostyly) |
| Selfing | |
| Crossing |
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) (2n=24)
| Floral biology | |
| Anthesis | 6am to 12.00 noon |
| Pollination | Self pollination |
| Selfing | |
| Crossing |
Papaya (Carica papaya) (2n=18)
| Floral biology | |
| Anthesis | |
| Pollination | Both self and cross pollination (Dioecious) |
| Selfing | |
| Crossing |
Banana (Musa sp.) (2n=2x=14,18,20,22)
| Floral biology | |
| Anthesis | |
| Pollination | Cross pollination (Monoecious) |
| Selfing | |
| Crossing |